语言测试分数导出、报道和解释：对TEM一些倡议
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英语专业四、八级考试是一项大规模的把英语作为外国语的国家级考试。考生范围涉及中华人民共和国大陆的所有全日制外语专业学生。由于社会对考试结果的认可,这项考试实质上已经成为一项高风险的外部性的综合性语言考试。可是,这项考试一直采用课堂考试中常用的原始分数进行直接分数合成和分数报道。这样,无论是不同次考试成绩间的可比性,还是同一次考试成绩的可解释性都受到限制。为了进一步提高这项考试结果解释的效度,改善考试结果的可用性,挖掘考试结果的使用价值,本文就语言测试分数的导出、报道和解释,对四、八级考试摸索性地提出了几点建议。建议的主导思想是:四、八级考试是一项公共考试,是属于人民的考试,因此,它应该接受人民的监视,从而为人民提供更多、更好的服务。建议分两个层面:一般层面和技术层面。前者针对四、八级考试的有关决策部分或机构,后者针对四、八级考试的有关技术职员。本文在一般层面上的建议共六条,涉及四、八级考试的(1)目的与意图的进一步确定,(2)测试维度与测试方法的约定,(3)分数报道总体政策的确定,(4)证书的颁发,(5)分数解释职员的培训以及(6)专门网站的建立。本文在技术层面上的建议共三大条,涉及四、八级考试的(1)分标的选择,(2)结果的报道以及(3)分数的解释。关于分标选择,本文建议四、八级考试建立标志自己身份的独立分标,且建议四、八级考试采用同一个分标,分标区间可取0～1000。为了既便于分数解释又尽量满足不同使用者的需要,本文建议四、八级考试采用主分标和副分标制;为了提高分数的可解释性,本文建议四、八级考试除报道原来的原始分数之外,还报道项目标准分、百分等级分、年级当量分和四、八级分标分;为了便于分项分数的比较,本文建议四、八级考试采用欣赏|语文教学论文|性分数分标作为主分标。关于分数报道,本文为四、八级考试提供了分数报道册(单)的设计蓝图,并建议四、八级考试既报道分数,也报道分数的信度、不确定度以及常模,以提高分数的可用性,并就此为四、八级考试各设计了一份蓝图。关于分数解释,本文建议公然四、八级考试的评分标准和说明。为了既便于分数解释,又便于提供更多的信息、防止考试结果的误用和滥用,本文还建议编写四、八级考试结果的使用指南。【关键词】：教育计量学分标分标分化分数欣赏|语文教学论文|化语言测试专业英语考试
【论文提纲】：Acknowledgements3-5摘要5-8Abstract8-13Contents13-19ListofTables19-21ListofFigures21-22ListofAcronymsandAbbreviations22-23Chapter1Introduction23-511.1NoticingtheSignificance24-391.1.1TestScoresandLanguageRelatedResearch24-271.1.2TestScoresandDecisionMakinginEducationalPrograms27-361.1.2.1SelectionandTestScoreorSelectionDecisions28-301.1.2.2PlacementandTestScoreorPlacementDecisions30-321.1.2.3DiagnosisandTestScoreorDiagnosticDecisions32-331.1.2.4TestScoresandProgramEvaluation33-351.1.2.5MinimumCompetenceandTestScoresinMinimumCompetenceDecisions35-361.1.3TestScoresandtheReliabilityandUncertaintyofTestResults36-391.2IdentifyingtheObjectforResearch39-471.2.1IdentifyingSomeTheoreticalProblems40-451.2.1.1TheImportantandtheNeglected40-441.2.1.2TheConflictsbetweenTheories44-451.2.2IdentifyingSomePracticalNeeds45-471.2.2.1TheBleakPictureofTestingPracticeinChina45-461.2.2.2TheHopefulFutureinChina’sTestingPractice46-471.3OverviewoftheDissertation47-501.3.1PurposeandScoreoftheStudy47-481.3.2StudyQuestions481.3.3OverviewoftheDissertation48-501.4Summary50-51Chapter2TypesofLanguageTests51-912.1LanguageTests:Norm-ReferencedandCriterion-Referenced51-632.1.1Norm-ReferencedTests52-562.1.1.1TheOriginandTypesofNorm-Referencing52-542.1.1.2TheDistinctiveFeaturesofaNorm-ReferencedTest54-552.1.1.urposesandScoreorNorm-Referencing55-562.1.2Criterion-ReferencedTests56-632.1.2.1TheOriginandTypesofCriterion-Referencing56-592.1.2.2TheDistinctiveFeaturesofaCriterion-ReferencedTest59-602.1.2.urposesofandScoreorCriterion-Referencing60-632.2LanguageTests:PowerandSpeed63-662.2.1PowerTests63-652.2.1.1DefinitionandDesignFeatures63-642.2.1.2PurposeandScoreforaPowerTest64-652.2.2SpeedTests65-662.2.2.1DefinitionandDesignFeatures65-662.2.2.2PurposeofandScoreforaSpeedTest662.3LanguageTests:MentalPowerandMentalWork66-712.3.1TestsofMentalPower67-682.3.1.1DefinitionandDesignFeatures67-682.3.1.2PurposeofandScoreforaTestofMentalPower682.3.2TestsofMentalWork68-712.3.2.1DefinitionandDesignFeatures68-692.3.2.2PurposeofandScoreforaTestofMentalWork69-712.4LanguageTests;ExtensiveandIntensive71-772.4.1ExtensiveTests71-742.4.1.1DefinitionandDesignFeatures71-732.4.1.2PurposeofandScoreforaTestofExtensiveQuantity73-742.4.2IntensiveTests74-772.4.2.1DefinitionandDesignFeatures74-752.4.2.2PurposeofandScoreforaTestofIntensiveQuantity75-772.5LanguageTests:WeaknessBasedandStrengthBased77-802.5.1DefinitionandDesignFeaturesoftheWeaknessBasedTests78-792.5.2PurposesofandScoreforaWeaknessBasedTest79-802.6LanguageTests:Nominal,Ordinal,Interval,andRatio80-902.6.1TestsattheNominalLevelofMeasurement82-832.6.1.1Definition82-832.6.1.2PropertyoftheScale,StatisticsAllowedandCommonMistakesorMisbelieves832.6.2.TestsattheOrdinalLevelofMeasurement83-852.6.2.1Definition83-842.6.2.2PropertyoftheScale,StatisticsAllowedandCommonMistakesorMisbelieves84-852.6.3.TestsattheIntervalLevelofMeasurement85-872.6.3.1Definition852.6.3.2PropertyoftheScale,StatisticsAllowedandCommonMistakesorMisbelieves85-872.6.4.TestsattheRatioLevelofMeasurement87-902.6.4.1Definition87-882.6.4.2PropertyoftheScale,StatisticsAllowedandCommonMistakesorMisbelieves88-902.7Summary90-91Chapter3TheDerivationofScoreorLanguageTests91-1573.1Scale,Scaling,ScoreandScoring92-993.1.1Scale92-943.1.2Scaling94-963.1.3Score96-973.1.4Scoring97-993.2SomeFrequentlyUsedScoreScales:aCriticalReview99-1353.2.1TheRawScoreScale100-1083.2.1.1DefinitionandIllustration100-1033.2.1.2Application(s)103-1063.2.1.3EvaluatingtheScale106-1083.2.2ThePercentileRankScoreScale108-1123.2.2.1DefinitionandIllustration109-1103.2.2.2Application(s)110-1113.2.2.3EvaluatingtheScale111-1123.2.3TheStandardScoreScale112-1243.2.3.1DefinitionandIllustration113-1223.2.3.2Application(s)122-1233.2.3.3EvaluatingtheScale123-1243.2.4TheGradeEquivalentScoreScale124-1283.2.4.1DefinitionandIllustration125-1263.2.4.2Application(s)126-1273.2.4.3EvaluatingtheScale127-1283.2.5TheLatentTraitScoreScale128-1353.2.5.1DefinitionandIllustration128-1313.2.5.2Application(s)131-1323.2.5.3EvaluatingtheScale132-1353.3TheStandardizedItem-BasedScoreScale135-1473.3.1DefinitionandIllustration136-1413.3.2Application(s)141-1433.3.3EvaluatingtheModels143-1473.4ThreeModelorScoring147-1563.4.1LimitationsofConventionalScoringModels148-1493.4.2FundamentalConsiderationsofScoringModels149-1523.4.3ThreeScoringModels152-1563.4.3.1ThePowerScoringModels152-1543.4.3.2TheLogisticScoringModel154-1553.4.3.3StandardUncertaintyoftheGeneratedScores1553.4.3.4SomeGeneralSuggestions155-1563.5Summary156-157Chapter4TheReportingofLanguageTestScores157-1914.1SomeGeneralConsiderationsofScoreReporting158-1764.1.1ThePurposesofTesting159-1614.1.1.1ThePrimaryPurposesofTesting159-1604.1.1.2TheSecondaryPurposesofTesting160-1614.1.2TheAnticipatedUsersofTestResults161-1654.1.2.1TheNon-qualifiedUsers162-1634.1.2.2TheLess-qualifiedUsers163-1644.1.2.3TheWell-qualifiedUsers164-1654.1.3InformationontheScoreReportandInformationReservedfortheSupportingDocuments.165-1764.1.3.1InformationontheScoreReport166-1704.1.3.2WhattoBeProvidedintheSupportingDocuments170-1764.2SomeTechnicalConsiderationsofScoreReporting176-1904.2.1TrueScore,ItsEstimateandtheUncertaintyoftheEstimate176-1854.2.1.1TheTrueScore176-1774.2.1.2TheEstimatesofTrueScores177-1784.2.1.3TheUncertaintyofanEstimate:ItsEvaluationandExpression178-1844.2.1.4TheCorrectionforGuessing184-1854.2.2TheReliabilityofTestScores185-1904.2.2.1TheStabilityofScores185-1864.2.2.2TheParallelFormReliability186-1874.2.2.3TheGeneralizabilityofObservedScoresovertheItemUniverse187-1894.2.2.4TheGeneralizabilityofObservedScoresovertheRaterUniverse1894.2.2.5TheGeneralizabilityofObservedScoresoverBoththeItemandtheRaterUniverse189-1904.3Summary190-191Chapter5TheInterpretationofLanguageTestScores191-2285.1ValidityandScoreInterpretation192-2015.1.1TheEvolvingConceptofValidity192-1995.1.1.1ValidityasTest-CriterionCorrelation193-1945.1.1.2ValidityasConsistingofDifferentTypes194-1975.1.1.3ValidityasaUnitaryConcept197-1995.1.2ValidityastheAppropriatenessofScoreInterpretation199-2015.2NormsandNorm-ReferencedScoreInterpretation201-2185.2.1NormsandNorming202-2105.2.1.1Norms,NormGroupsandtheCriteriaforNorms202-2035.2.1.2ClassificationofNorms203-2105.2.2InterpretingTestScoresbyReferencingtotheNorms210-2185.2.2.1InterpretingTestScoresbyReferencingtothePercentileRankNorms210-2155.2.2.2InterpretingTestScoresbyReferencingtotheGroupAverageNorm.215-2175.2.2.3SummaryoftheSection217-2185.3CriterionandCriterion-ReferencedScoreInterpretation218-2265.3.1TheCriterion218-2215.3.1.1CriterionasMasteryofDomainKnowledge2195.3.1.2CriterionasPerformanceonTargetTasks219-2205.3.1.3CriterionasProficiencyinRelationtoFutureNeeds220-2215.3.2Criterion-ReferencedScoreInterpretation221-2265.3.2.1InterpretingtheCriterionScorebyReferencingtotheCutScore(s)222-2235.3.2.2InterpretingtheCriterionScorebyReferencingtotheExpectancyTable223-2245.3.2.3InterpretingtheCriterionScorebyReferencingtoProficiencyDescriptors224-2255.3.2.4InterpretingtheCriterionScorebyReferencingtotheScoringStandards225-2265.4Summary226-228Chapter6AnalyzingtheTEM228-2626.1BackgroundInformation228-2426.1.1GeneralBackgroundInformation228-2296.1.2ABriefHistoryofTEM229-2306.1.2.1ABriefHistoryofTEM42296.1.2.2ABriefHistoryofTEM8229-2306.1.3TheGrowingPopulationofTEM230-2346.1.3.1TheGrowingPopulationofTEM4230-2326.1.3.2TheGrowingPopulationofTEM8232-2346.1.4TheChangingFormatsofTEM234-2426.1.4.1TheChangingFormatsofTEM4234-2396.1.4.2TheChangingFormatsofTEM8239-2426.2AnalyzingtheStructureoftheTEMTest242-2556.2.1TheSemanticStructureoftheE-TEM4242-2496.2.1.1TheSurfaceStructure242-2446.2.1.2TheDeepStructure244-2496.2.2TheStructureoftheNewGenerationTEM4249-2516.2.3TheStructureofTEM8251-2556.2.3.1TheSurfaceStructureofTEM8251-2536.2.3.2TheDeepStructureofTEM8253-2556.3TheTEMScoringPracticeandtheTEMCertificates255-2616.3.1MarkingtheTEMTests255-2576.3.1.1Machine-markingtheMultipleChoiceQuestions2556.3.1.2Hand-markingtheConstructedResponseQuestions255-2576.3.2ReportingtheTEMResult257-2596.3.2.1ReportingtheTEMScoreattheIndividualLevel2586.3.2.2ReportingtheTEMScoreattheInstitutionalLevel258-2596.3.3GrantingtheTEMCertificates259-2616.4Summary261-262Chapter7SomeRecommendationortheTEM262-2827.1GeneralRecommendationorTEM263-2687.1.1PurposesandIntendedUsesofTEM263-2647.1.2.DimensionalityandTestingMethodsofTEM264-2657.1.3RawScoreorScaleScore?SkillScoresorTotalScore?2657.1.4TheTEMCertificates265-2677.1.5TrainingScoreInterpreters2677.1.6BuildinganOfficialWebsitefortheTEM267-2687.2TechnicalRecommendationorTEM268-2817.2.1ScoringTEM268-2737.2.1.1TheDimensionalityofTEM268-2697.2.1.2ScoreScales269-2737.2.2ReportingTEMResult273-2777.2.2.1TheTEMScoreReport273-2757.2.2.2TheUncertaintyandNormativeInformationofTEM275-2777.2.3InterpretingTEMScores277-2817.2.3.1Descriptors278-2807.2.3.2Users’Guide280-2817.3Summary281-282Chapter8ConcludingRemarks282-2898.1MajorContributions282-2858.1.1TheoreticalContributions282-2848.1.2PracticalContributions284-2858.2LimitationsandSuggestionorFurtherResearch285-2878.3Summary287-289Bibliography289-300
【论文提纲】：Acknowledgements3-5摘要5-8Abstract8-13Contents13-19ListofTables19-21ListofFigures21-22ListofAcronymsandAbbreviations22-23Chapter1Introduction23-511.1NoticingtheSignificance24-391.1.1TestScoresandLanguageRelatedResearch24-271.1.2TestScoresandDecisionMakinginEducationalPrograms27-361.1.2.1SelectionandTestScoreorSelectionDecisions28-301.1.2.2PlacementandTestScoreorPlacementDecisions30-321.1.2.3DiagnosisandTestScoreorDiagnosticDecisions32-331.1.2.4TestScoresandProgramEvaluation33-351.1.2.5MinimumCompetenceandTestScoresinMinimumCompetenceDecisions35-361.1.3TestScoresandtheReliabilityandUncertaintyofTestResults36-391.2IdentifyingtheObjectforResearch39-471.2.1IdentifyingSomeTheoreticalProblems40-451.2.1.1TheImportantandtheNeglected40-441.2.1.2TheConflictsbetweenTheories44-451.2.2IdentifyingSomePracticalNeeds45-471.2.2.1TheBleakPictureofTestingPracticeinChina45-461.2.2.2TheHopefulFutureinChina’sTestingPractice46-471.3OverviewoftheDissertation47-501.3.1PurposeandScoreoftheStudy47-481.3.2StudyQuestions481.3.3OverviewoftheDissertation48-501.4Summary50-51Chapter2TypesofLanguageTests51-912.1LanguageTests:Norm-ReferencedandCriterion-Referenced51-632.1.1Norm-ReferencedTests52-562.1.1.1TheOriginandTypesofNorm-Referencing52-542.1.1.2TheDistinctiveFeaturesofaNorm-ReferencedTest54-552.1.1.urposesandScoreorNorm-Referencing55-562.1.2Criterion-ReferencedTests56-632.1.2.1TheOriginandTypesofCriterion-Referencing56-592.1.2.2TheDistinctiveFeaturesofaCriterion-ReferencedTest59-602.1.2.urposesofandScoreorCriterion-Referencing60-632.2LanguageTests:PowerandSpeed63-662.2.1PowerTests63-652.2.1.1DefinitionandDesignFeatures63-642.2.1.2PurposeandScoreforaPowerTest64-652.2.2SpeedTests65-662.2.2.1DefinitionandDesignFeatures65-662.2.2.2PurposeofandScoreforaSpeedTest662.3LanguageTests:MentalPowerandMentalWork66-712.3.1TestsofMentalPower67-682.3.1.1DefinitionandDesignFeatures67-682.3.1.2PurposeofandScoreforaTestofMentalPower682.3.2TestsofMentalWork68-712.3.2.1DefinitionandDesignFeatures68-692.3.2.2PurposeofandScoreforaTestofMentalWork69-712.4LanguageTests;ExtensiveandIntensive71-772.4.1ExtensiveTests71-742.4.1.1DefinitionandDesignFeatures71-732.4.1.2PurposeofandScoreforaTestofExtensiveQuantity73-742.4.2IntensiveTests74-772.4.2.1DefinitionandDesignFeatures74-752.4.2.2PurposeofandScoreforaTestofIntensiveQuantity75-772.5LanguageTests:WeaknessBasedandStrengthBased77-802.5.1DefinitionandDesignFeaturesoftheWeaknessBasedTests78-792.5.2PurposesofandScoreforaWeaknessBasedTest79-802.6LanguageTests:Nominal,Ordinal,Interval,andRatio80-902.6.1TestsattheNominalLevelofMeasurement82-832.6.1.1Definition82-832.6.1.2PropertyoftheScale,StatisticsAllowedandCommonMistakesorMisbelieves832.6.2.TestsattheOrdinalLevelofMeasurement83-852.6.2.1Definition83-842.6.2.2PropertyoftheScale,StatisticsAllowedandCommonMistakesorMisbelieves84-852.6.3.TestsattheIntervalLevelofMeasurement85-872.6.3.1Definition852.6.3.2PropertyoftheScale,StatisticsAllowedandCommonMistakesorMisbelieves85-872.6.4.TestsattheRatioLevelofMeasurement87-902.6.4.1Definition87-882.6.4.2PropertyoftheScale,StatisticsAllowedandCommonMistakesorMisbelieves88-902.7Summary90-91Chapter3TheDerivationofScoreorLanguageTests91-1573.1Scale,Scaling,ScoreandScoring92-993.1.1Scale92-943.1.2Scaling94-963.1.3Score96-973.1.4Scoring97-993.2SomeFrequentlyUsedScoreScales:aCriticalReview99-1353.2.1TheRawScoreScale100-1083.2.1.1DefinitionandIllustration100-1033.2.1.2Application(s)103-1063.2.1.3EvaluatingtheScale106-1083.2.2ThePercentileRankScoreScale108-1123.2.2.1DefinitionandIllustration109-1103.2.2.2Application(s)110-1113.2.2.3EvaluatingtheScale111-1123.2.3TheStandardScoreScale112-1243.2.3.1DefinitionandIllustration113-1223.2.3.2Application(s)122-1233.2.3.3EvaluatingtheScale123-1243.2.4TheGradeEquivalentScoreScale124-1283.2.4.1DefinitionandIllustration125-1263.2.4.2Application(s)126-1273.2.4.3EvaluatingtheScale127-1283.2.5TheLatentTraitScoreScale128-1353.2.5.1DefinitionandIllustration128-1313.2.5.2Application(s)131-1323.2.5.3EvaluatingtheScale132-1353.3TheStandardizedItem-BasedScoreScale135-1473.3.1DefinitionandIllustration136-1413.3.2Application(s)141-1433.3.3EvaluatingtheModels143-1473.4ThreeModelorScoring147-1563.4.1LimitationsofConventionalScoringModels148-1493.4.2FundamentalConsiderationsofScoringModels149-1523.4.3ThreeScoringModels152-1563.4.3.1ThePowerScoringModels152-1543.4.3.2TheLogisticScoringModel154-1553.4.3.3StandardUncertaintyoftheGeneratedScores1553.4.3.4SomeGeneralSuggestions155-1563.5Summary156-157Chapter4TheReportingofLanguageTestScores157-1914.1SomeGeneralConsiderationsofScoreReporting158-1764.1.1ThePurposesofTesting159-1614.1.1.1ThePrimaryPurposesofTesting159-1604.1.1.2TheSecondaryPurposesofTesting160-1614.1.2TheAnticipatedUsersofTestResults161-1654.1.2.1TheNon-qualifiedUsers162-1634.1.2.2TheLess-qualifiedUsers163-1644.1.2.3TheWell-qualifiedUsers164-1654.1.3InformationontheScoreReportandInformationReservedfortheSupportingDocuments.165-1764.1.3.1InformationontheScoreReport166-1704.1.3.2WhattoBeProvidedintheSupportingDocuments170-1764.2SomeTechnicalConsiderationsofScoreReporting176-1904.2.1TrueScore,ItsEstimateandtheUncertaintyoftheEstimate176-1854.2.1.1TheTrueScore176-1774.2.1.2TheEstimatesofTrueScores177-1784.2.1.3TheUncertaintyofanEstimate:ItsEvaluationandExpression178-1844.2.1.4TheCorrectionforGuessing184-1854.2.2TheReliabilityofTestScores185-1904.2.2.1TheStabilityofScores185-1864.2.2.2TheParallelFormReliability186-1874.2.2.3TheGeneralizabilityofObservedScoresovertheItemUniverse187-1894.2.2.4TheGeneralizabilityofObservedScoresovertheRaterUniverse1894.2.2.5TheGeneralizabilityofObservedScoresoverBoththeItemandtheRaterUniverse189-1904.3Summary190-191Chapter5TheInterpretationofLanguageTestScores191-2285.1ValidityandScoreInterpretation192-2015.1.1TheEvolvingConceptofValidity192-1995.1.1.1ValidityasTest-CriterionCorrelation193-1945.1.1.2ValidityasConsistingofDifferentTypes194-1975.1.1.3ValidityasaUnitaryConcept197-1995.1.2ValidityastheAppropriatenessofScoreInterpretation199-2015.2NormsandNorm-ReferencedScoreInterpretation201-2185.2.1NormsandNorming202-2105.2.1.1Norms,NormGroupsandtheCriteriaforNorms202-2035.2.1.2ClassificationofNorms203-2105.2.2InterpretingTestScoresbyReferencingtotheNorms210-2185.2.2.1InterpretingTestScoresbyReferencingtothePercentileRankNorms210-2155.2.2.2InterpretingTestScoresbyReferencingtotheGroupAverageNorm.215-2175.2.2.3SummaryoftheSection217-2185.3CriterionandCriterion-ReferencedScoreInterpretation218-2265.3.1TheCriterion218-2215.3.1.1CriterionasMasteryofDomainKnowledge2195.3.1.2CriterionasPerformanceonTargetTasks219-2205.3.1.3CriterionasProficiencyinRelationtoFutureNeeds220-2215.3.2Criterion-ReferencedScoreInterpretation221-2265.3.2.1InterpretingtheCriterionScorebyReferencingtotheCutScore(s)222-2235.3.2.2InterpretingtheCriterionScorebyReferencingtotheExpectancyTable223-2245.3.2.3InterpretingtheCriterionScorebyReferencingtoProficiencyDescriptors224-2255.3.2.4InterpretingtheCriterionScorebyReferencingtotheScoringStandards225-2265.4Summary226-228Chapter6AnalyzingtheTEM228-2626.1BackgroundInformation228-2426.1.1GeneralBackgroundInformation228-2296.1.2ABriefHistoryofTEM229-2306.1.2.1ABriefHistoryofTEM42296.1.2.2ABriefHistoryofTEM8229-2306.1.3TheGrowingPopulationofTEM230-2346.1.3.1TheGrowingPopulationofTEM4230-2326.1.3.2TheGrowingPopulationofTEM8232-2346.1.4TheChangingFormatsofTEM234-2426.1.4.1TheChangingFormatsofTEM4234-2396.1.4.2TheChangingFormatsofTEM8239-2426.2AnalyzingtheStructureoftheTEMTest242-2556.2.1TheSemanticStructureoftheE-TEM4242-2496.2.1.1TheSurfaceStructure242-2446.2.1.2TheDeepStructure244-2496.2.2TheStructureoftheNewGenerationTEM4249-2516.2.3TheStructureofTEM8251-2556.2.3.1TheSurfaceStructureofTEM8251-2536.2.3.2TheDeepStructureofTEM8253-2556.3TheTEMScoringPracticeandtheTEMCertificates255-2616.3.1MarkingtheTEMTests255-2576.3.1.1Machine-markingtheMultipleChoiceQuestions2556.3.1.2Hand-markingtheConstructedResponseQuestions255-2576.3.2ReportingtheTEMResult257-2596.3.2.1ReportingtheTEMScoreattheIndividualLevel2586.3.2.2ReportingtheTEMScoreattheInstitutionalLevel258-2596.3.3GrantingtheTEMCertificates259-2616.4Summary261-262Chapter7SomeRecommendationortheTEM262-2827.1GeneralRecommendationorTEM263-2687.1.1PurposesandIntendedUsesofTEM263-2647.1.2.DimensionalityandTestingMethodsofTEM264-2657.1.3RawScoreorScaleScore?SkillScoresorTotalScore?2657.1.4TheTEMCertificates265-2677.1.5TrainingScoreInterpreters2677.1.6BuildinganOfficialWebsitefortheTEM267-2687.2TechnicalRecommendationorTEM268-2817.2.1ScoringTEM268-2737.2.1.1TheDimensionalityofTEM268-2697.2.1.2ScoreScales269-2737.2.2ReportingTEMResult273-2777.2.2.1TheTEMScoreReport273-2757.2.2.2TheUncertaintyandNormativeInformationofTEM275-2777.2.3InterpretingTEMScores277-2817.2.3.1Descriptors278-2807.2.3.2Users’Guide280-2817.3Summary281-282Chapter8ConcludingRemarks282-2898.1MajorContributions282-2858.1.1TheoreticalContributions282-2848.1.2PracticalContributions284-2858.2LimitationsandSuggestionorFurtherResearch285-2878.3Summary287-289Bibliography289-300
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