否定,否定词与否定句

先来看笑话：
Wife: “There is nothing left in the refrigerator. Peter, Can you go shopping with me?”
Husband: “Sorry, I can’t.”
Wife: “Why?”
Husband: “Because I hen’t finished reading the newspaper yet.”
Wife: “Then we can go after you finish reading it.”
Husband: “But I’m not sure how long it will take.”
Wife: “You don’t want to go with me, do you?”
Husband: “No, I don’t.”
Wife: “Why?”
Husband: “The supermarket is too far.”
Wife: “No road is far with your wife.”
Husband: “Actually, not everyone likes shopping.”
Wife: “But you said you liked shopping with me before we got married.”
Husband: “Since the fish has got hooked (上钩), why do I need the bait (鱼饵)?”
Wife: “What did you say?”
Husband: “No, nothing.”
Wife: “Even marrying a devil is better than marrying you.”
Husband: “It’s impossible. It’s forbidden for close relatives to get married.”
想必大家已经明白丈夫话的意思了。这则笑话含有否定句。今天，就来看看英语中否定句的构成。

1. 助动词 + not

该否定结构最为常见，大家最为熟悉的。
：You mustn’t let someone take advantage of your generosity or you’ll end up in the poorhouse. 不要让别人你的慷慨是理所当然，你将终老于救济院。
I didn’t use (=used not) to like music, but now I’m getting interested. 我以前不喜欢音乐，现在我很感兴趣。
祈使句的否定只需在动词前加don’t即可。
2. 否定副词seldom, never, hardly, rarely, little, few, none, nowhere, neither在句中可构成否定句。
：Taking a breath is such a common thing that we rarely even notice we are doing it. 呼吸是一件再普通不过的事情，以至于几乎正在做。

3. 非谓语动词的否定

非谓语动词的否定在汉语言论文分词前加not即可（不定式的否定为not to + 动词）。
：It’s unnecessary to worry about the unknown things in the future. 必要为未来未知的事情担忧。
Not knowing the language, she failed to understand what they were talking about. 语言不通，她不知道在说些。
When my father passed away, I regretted not hing spent more time with him. 爸爸去世后，我后悔多抽出时间陪他。
4. 否定
当all, both, every, everyone, every day, everything, everywhere,many,always, completely等词与not连用时，是对一的否定，意为“并非，每个”。
：Not all is gold that glitters. 发光的不金子。
I don’t agree with all of you. 我并不完全同意你们人。

5. 完全否定

no, never, none, nobody, nothing, nowhere, neither... nor...表示完全否定。
：The man who sed her life was nowhere to be found. 救她生命的那个男人到处都不见踪影。
You will never know how much your mother loves you. 你永远都不知道你的妈妈有多爱你。

6. 双重否定

否定词not可置于带有否定前缀的单词前，构成双重否定；“not/never... without...”也可表示双重否定。
：It’s not uncommon for people to dream about their forite film stars. 梦到最喜欢的电影明星是件很寻常的事情。
We can’t live without air or water. 空气和水存活。

7. 否定转移

think，believe，expect，suppose等词引导否定作用的宾语以句时，其否定转移到主句。
：I don’t imagine that taxes will be reduced this year. 我今年不会降低税收。
8. 否定形式表示作用的句型
（1） “can’t/couldn’t/never... too”表示“无论怎样也不过分”。
：A man can never he too many friends. 朋友越多越好。
（2） “can’t/couldn’t be... enough”表示“无论怎么都”。
：You can’t be careful enough when driving. 开车时越小心越好。
（3） “never too... to...”该句型是对“too... to...”的否定，实则表示。
：It’s never too old to learn. 活到老，学到老。
其他学过的“not... until”“hardly... when”“no sooner... than...”“would rather... than...”也常见的否定结构。只要在学习中观察和总结，掌握这些语言结构并难事。