浅议修辞以中西方思维差别中看英文写作修辞方式
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[摘要] 文章从中西方人的思源于：标准论文格式范例www.618jyw.com
维模式出发，通过论述中西方人不同的思维特点，从而得出中西方在英文写作中存在不同的思维模式，并将其罗列加以比较总结。从中得出结论，只有充分了解掌握中西方人不同的写作思维特点，才能很好地指导学生英语写作，有效提高英语写作水平。
[关键词] 思维 差异英语写作模式
从思维方式看,中国人与欧美差异主要体现在辩证思维与逻辑思维上。广大学者常常把中国人归类为用辩证思维思考问题。用逻辑思维或者分析思维来描述西方人的思维方式。研究发现,中国人的辩证思维包含三个原理：变化论、矛盾论及中和论。从宏观上看，变化论普遍认为世界永远处于变化之中,没有永恒的对与错；矛盾论则认为万事万物都是由对立面构成的矛盾统一体,没有矛盾就没有事物本身；中和论则体现在中庸之道上,认为任何事物都存在着适度的合理性。这三个辩证的认识事物的原理决定了中国人看问题、思考问题、解决问题的思维方式。对中国人来说,经过数千年的历史文化积淀,辩证思维已经内化成了自己的性格特征。从而，也就形成了中国人说话，记事，写作的这种固定模式。
与中国人的辩证思维截然不同,西方人的思维是一种逻辑思维。这种思维强调世界的同一性,非矛盾性和排中性。从宏观上看，同一性认为事物的本质不会发生变化,一个事物永远是它自己；非矛盾性相信一个命题不可能同时对或错；排中性强调一个事物要么对,要么错,无中间性。西方人的这种思维主导着西方人与东方人风格迥异的看问题、思考问题的角度,他们在考虑问题的时候喜欢从一个整体中把事物分离出来,对事物本质特性进行逻辑分析。完全不像中国人那样追求折中与和谐,而是强调个人作用，表现出外倾、求异、开拓。
正是因为思维方式的取向不同,造成东方人和西方人在写作思维上也存在着明显的差异,从而对写作的布局谋篇有着至关重要的影响。总的来讲,共有两类截然不同的修辞写作模式:西方人的线性修辞模式和东方人的螺旋型修辞模式。
西方人的线性修辞模式
线性修辞模式又包括:一般特殊型、问题解决型、匹配比较型。
⑴一般特殊型
一般特殊型又称“直线型”,其写作特点是:开宗明义第一句往往概括主题思想,然后再引出具体事例或细节并对其进行发展。主要运用的方法是演绎法,即从总体概念到具体情节。且看下面段落:
You he your tension. Sometimes you come close to hing an accident that upsets you.You just escape maybe by a hair or so. Sometimes maybe you get a disgruntled passenger on there, and start a big argument Traffic.You he someone who cuts you for stops in front of the bus. There’s a lot of tension behind that. You got to watch that all the time. You are watching the drivers, you are watching other cars. Most of the time you he to drive for the other drivers to oid hitting them.So you take the tension home with you.
这段先勾画出轮廓tension ,然后提供细节，分别提及accident,passenger, traffic ,围绕主题加以阐明,从而把造成司机心理紧张的因素交代清楚。一般特殊型思维模式在英语语篇中占主导地位,不但广泛应用于论说文中,而且也常用于记叙和描写文体里。所以在平时练习中，教师要多注意引导学生读此文章，多模仿此类写作模式。
（2）问题解决型
本模块立意在“how”以“方法”、“途径”、“怎么办”为短文的核心，其特征是首先说明情况（对现状、形势或困难的描述），接着作出反应，解决问题（列举做某事的途径或方法），最后给予适当的评价（对前段中提及的途径进行简要评价或选取其中一二种自己认为合适的方法，途径，略述选择依据）。下面英文段落属问题解决型：
① Information is indispensable in the modern world. ②It is true that successes in many fields depend on getting the latest information while failures often result from the lack of necessary information.③That is why our current era is called “the Information Age”. ④There are many ways of getting information and keeping us well informed of what is going in the world .⑤First, we can get information by reading newspapers and news magazines which contains articles about information including local, regional, national, and international news, as well as sports news, weather reports ,and other features . ⑥second, we can listen to the news on the radio and watch it on television to get information. ⑦With the rapid development of science and technology, I believe that information will become still more important in the future and will playmore and more important part in people’s decision---making .⑧And in the mean while, the means by which to get information will also be constantly renewed.其实，本段立意就在“how”,①——②(情况)，④——⑥（解决问题），⑦——⑧（评价）。简要地勾画出问题解型思维模式语篇结构的轮廓。从概述标题中所提及的工具或设备、系统的基本特点出发，以其用途和作用为叙述核心，最后补充说明使用过程中该注意的问题或该器具的发展前景。此模式广泛用于科技性说明文体。
（3）匹配比较型
匹配比较型思维模式用于对比语段，立足两种事物之间的相似之处对其进行比较，或立足二者之间的不同之处对其进行对照。从而客观描述某一事物的正反两个方面，或优劣、或利弊、或积极消极因素，然后权衡利弊，提出作者的评论或扬长避短的体会。例如：
The same qualities that make people good house guests make them good hospital patients. Good house guests can expect a reasonable amount of service and effort on their behalf, and hospital patients can also. Guests he to adjust to what is for them a charge, and certainly hospital patients must do the same. No one appreciates a complaining. Unpleasant, unappreciative house guest, and the hospita源于：期刊论文www.618jyw.com
l staff is no exception. House guest, and the hospital staff is no exception. House guests who expect vast changes to be made for their benefit are not popular for long. Certainly nurses and other personnel with their routines feel the same way about patients in their care. Just as house guests must make adjustments to enjoy their visits, so patients must make adjustments to make their stays reasonably pleasant and satiying under the circumstances.
这是一篇典型的alternating comparison, 立足于house guest and hospital patient二者之间相似处进行比较，从而让读者对二者的性质有了清晰的认识。
东方人螺旋型语篇修辞模式
心理学家研究了美国人和中国人对两起谋杀事件的归因,发现中国人倾向于把事件归于周围的客观环境，而美国人则认为是凶手本人的特征造成的结果。总结得出，中国人习惯强调外因和他人的作用，喜欢折中主义。这造成中国学生在进行英语写作时，往往开始说明情况，但又不明确议论主题，先用思维内容推理暗示，然后由暗到明逐步提示问题的存在，最后针对问题点明主题，结果是缺少主题句，让人难以理解文章所要表达的主旨。看下面一篇Dorine S.Houston 教授通过互联网对中国学生英语作文进行改评的典例。下面是关于一个女孩在公交车上为老人让座，受到嗤笑，作者看到的感受。
Faulty: In this world, we should think more of other people than of ourselves, is my personal view. But it is a lesson I he drawn from one of my own experience. So now,I would like to share that experience with you, my dear reader.
Revised: A little girl taught me, and a busy of people, an important lesson about the importance of thinking more of other people than of ourselves .One day I took a very crowded bus to school……
这段是典型的螺旋式思维，缺少段落主题句，不能准确说明段落中心思想内容。所以，如何准确设定主题句及其位置，是中国学生在英语写作中值得注意的一项任务。写好段落主题句要把握三个原则：有说明段落中心思想的内容；有体现中心思想的关键词；使用简明扼要的句子，避免用过于简单的单句。且看下例：
There are two basic differences between the large andthe all enterprise. In the all enterprise you operate primarily through personal contacts. In the large enterprise you he established “policies”,“channels”organization, and fairly rigid procedures.
此段开头就提供主题，简洁明了，吸引读者的注意力，达到事半功倍的效果。要想达到这样的效果，在英文写作时，不论是以问题法，数据法，还是引语法开头列举的主题段中，一定要有主题句，要努力克服传统螺旋式思维的影响。
总之，不同的思维方式决定了写作语篇修辞模式不一样，只有充分了解中西方写作的特点与差异，平时有意识地思考一些社会热点问题和生活中遇到的常见问题，很好地锻炼自己用英语思维分析解决问题的能力。在写作中，灵活运用西方人的语篇修辞模式，定能争取英语写作的高分。
参考文献:
Wangdao Ding. A handbook of Writing. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 1999.
Renqing Liu. On English Language Teaching. Beijing:Foreign Language Teaching And Research Press,1999.
[3]Xianhai Yu. English Advanced Writing Guidance, National Defense Industry Press,2002.
[4]Aiqing Zhang. Frames and Models of English Writing for MA/Ms Candidates, Aviation Industry Press, 2003.
作者单位：陕西财经职业技术学院陕西咸阳
维模式出发，通过论述中西方人不同的思维特点，从而得出中西方在英文写作中存在不同的思维模式，并将其罗列加以比较总结。从中得出结论，只有充分了解掌握中西方人不同的写作思维特点，才能很好地指导学生英语写作，有效提高英语写作水平。
[关键词] 思维 差异英语写作模式
从思维方式看,中国人与欧美差异主要体现在辩证思维与逻辑思维上。广大学者常常把中国人归类为用辩证思维思考问题。用逻辑思维或者分析思维来描述西方人的思维方式。研究发现,中国人的辩证思维包含三个原理：变化论、矛盾论及中和论。从宏观上看，变化论普遍认为世界永远处于变化之中,没有永恒的对与错；矛盾论则认为万事万物都是由对立面构成的矛盾统一体,没有矛盾就没有事物本身；中和论则体现在中庸之道上,认为任何事物都存在着适度的合理性。这三个辩证的认识事物的原理决定了中国人看问题、思考问题、解决问题的思维方式。对中国人来说,经过数千年的历史文化积淀,辩证思维已经内化成了自己的性格特征。从而，也就形成了中国人说话，记事，写作的这种固定模式。
与中国人的辩证思维截然不同,西方人的思维是一种逻辑思维。这种思维强调世界的同一性,非矛盾性和排中性。从宏观上看，同一性认为事物的本质不会发生变化,一个事物永远是它自己；非矛盾性相信一个命题不可能同时对或错；排中性强调一个事物要么对,要么错,无中间性。西方人的这种思维主导着西方人与东方人风格迥异的看问题、思考问题的角度,他们在考虑问题的时候喜欢从一个整体中把事物分离出来,对事物本质特性进行逻辑分析。完全不像中国人那样追求折中与和谐,而是强调个人作用，表现出外倾、求异、开拓。
正是因为思维方式的取向不同,造成东方人和西方人在写作思维上也存在着明显的差异,从而对写作的布局谋篇有着至关重要的影响。总的来讲,共有两类截然不同的修辞写作模式:西方人的线性修辞模式和东方人的螺旋型修辞模式。
西方人的线性修辞模式
线性修辞模式又包括:一般特殊型、问题解决型、匹配比较型。
⑴一般特殊型
一般特殊型又称“直线型”,其写作特点是:开宗明义第一句往往概括主题思想,然后再引出具体事例或细节并对其进行发展。主要运用的方法是演绎法,即从总体概念到具体情节。且看下面段落:
You he your tension. Sometimes you come close to hing an accident that upsets you.You just escape maybe by a hair or so. Sometimes maybe you get a disgruntled passenger on there, and start a big argument Traffic.You he someone who cuts you for stops in front of the bus. There’s a lot of tension behind that. You got to watch that all the time. You are watching the drivers, you are watching other cars. Most of the time you he to drive for the other drivers to oid hitting them.So you take the tension home with you.
这段先勾画出轮廓tension ,然后提供细节，分别提及accident,passenger, traffic ,围绕主题加以阐明,从而把造成司机心理紧张的因素交代清楚。一般特殊型思维模式在英语语篇中占主导地位,不但广泛应用于论说文中,而且也常用于记叙和描写文体里。所以在平时练习中，教师要多注意引导学生读此文章，多模仿此类写作模式。
（2）问题解决型
本模块立意在“how”以“方法”、“途径”、“怎么办”为短文的核心，其特征是首先说明情况（对现状、形势或困难的描述），接着作出反应，解决问题（列举做某事的途径或方法），最后给予适当的评价（对前段中提及的途径进行简要评价或选取其中一二种自己认为合适的方法，途径，略述选择依据）。下面英文段落属问题解决型：
① Information is indispensable in the modern world. ②It is true that successes in many fields depend on getting the latest information while failures often result from the lack of necessary information.③That is why our current era is called “the Information Age”. ④There are many ways of getting information and keeping us well informed of what is going in the world .⑤First, we can get information by reading newspapers and news magazines which contains articles about information including local, regional, national, and international news, as well as sports news, weather reports ,and other features . ⑥second, we can listen to the news on the radio and watch it on television to get information. ⑦With the rapid development of science and technology, I believe that information will become still more important in the future and will playmore and more important part in people’s decision---making .⑧And in the mean while, the means by which to get information will also be constantly renewed.其实，本段立意就在“how”,①——②(情况)，④——⑥（解决问题），⑦——⑧（评价）。简要地勾画出问题解型思维模式语篇结构的轮廓。从概述标题中所提及的工具或设备、系统的基本特点出发，以其用途和作用为叙述核心，最后补充说明使用过程中该注意的问题或该器具的发展前景。此模式广泛用于科技性说明文体。
（3）匹配比较型
匹配比较型思维模式用于对比语段，立足两种事物之间的相似之处对其进行比较，或立足二者之间的不同之处对其进行对照。从而客观描述某一事物的正反两个方面，或优劣、或利弊、或积极消极因素，然后权衡利弊，提出作者的评论或扬长避短的体会。例如：
The same qualities that make people good house guests make them good hospital patients. Good house guests can expect a reasonable amount of service and effort on their behalf, and hospital patients can also. Guests he to adjust to what is for them a charge, and certainly hospital patients must do the same. No one appreciates a complaining. Unpleasant, unappreciative house guest, and the hospita源于：期刊论文www.618jyw.com
l staff is no exception. House guest, and the hospital staff is no exception. House guests who expect vast changes to be made for their benefit are not popular for long. Certainly nurses and other personnel with their routines feel the same way about patients in their care. Just as house guests must make adjustments to enjoy their visits, so patients must make adjustments to make their stays reasonably pleasant and satiying under the circumstances.
这是一篇典型的alternating comparison, 立足于house guest and hospital patient二者之间相似处进行比较，从而让读者对二者的性质有了清晰的认识。
东方人螺旋型语篇修辞模式
心理学家研究了美国人和中国人对两起谋杀事件的归因,发现中国人倾向于把事件归于周围的客观环境，而美国人则认为是凶手本人的特征造成的结果。总结得出，中国人习惯强调外因和他人的作用，喜欢折中主义。这造成中国学生在进行英语写作时，往往开始说明情况，但又不明确议论主题，先用思维内容推理暗示，然后由暗到明逐步提示问题的存在，最后针对问题点明主题，结果是缺少主题句，让人难以理解文章所要表达的主旨。看下面一篇Dorine S.Houston 教授通过互联网对中国学生英语作文进行改评的典例。下面是关于一个女孩在公交车上为老人让座，受到嗤笑，作者看到的感受。
Faulty: In this world, we should think more of other people than of ourselves, is my personal view. But it is a lesson I he drawn from one of my own experience. So now,I would like to share that experience with you, my dear reader.
Revised: A little girl taught me, and a busy of people, an important lesson about the importance of thinking more of other people than of ourselves .One day I took a very crowded bus to school……
这段是典型的螺旋式思维，缺少段落主题句，不能准确说明段落中心思想内容。所以，如何准确设定主题句及其位置，是中国学生在英语写作中值得注意的一项任务。写好段落主题句要把握三个原则：有说明段落中心思想的内容；有体现中心思想的关键词；使用简明扼要的句子，避免用过于简单的单句。且看下例：
There are two basic differences between the large andthe all enterprise. In the all enterprise you operate primarily through personal contacts. In the large enterprise you he established “policies”,“channels”organization, and fairly rigid procedures.
此段开头就提供主题，简洁明了，吸引读者的注意力，达到事半功倍的效果。要想达到这样的效果，在英文写作时，不论是以问题法，数据法，还是引语法开头列举的主题段中，一定要有主题句，要努力克服传统螺旋式思维的影响。
总之，不同的思维方式决定了写作语篇修辞模式不一样，只有充分了解中西方写作的特点与差异，平时有意识地思考一些社会热点问题和生活中遇到的常见问题，很好地锻炼自己用英语思维分析解决问题的能力。在写作中，灵活运用西方人的语篇修辞模式，定能争取英语写作的高分。
参考文献:
Wangdao Ding. A handbook of Writing. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 1999.
Renqing Liu. On English Language Teaching. Beijing:Foreign Language Teaching And Research Press,1999.
[3]Xianhai Yu. English Advanced Writing Guidance, National Defense Industry Press,2002.
[4]Aiqing Zhang. Frames and Models of English Writing for MA/Ms Candidates, Aviation Industry Press, 2003.
作者单位：陕西财经职业技术学院陕西咸阳
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