研究MetaphorHow试述does试述Metaphor试述Work试述Its试述Wonders?
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【Abstract】This essay will try to employ Grice’s Maxim Theories, Black’s Related Commonplaces, Searle’s Principles and Black’s Interaction Theory to illuminate the use of figurative language－metaphor. This paper starts with relevant pragmatic theories and principles and then combines theories with concrete examples to illustrate the procedures that enable the metaphor to work its wonders.
【Key words】The Maxim of Quality Related Commonplaces Interaction Theory
1006－9682（2012）12－0020－02
Ⅰ、Introduction
Metaphor is a part of the cultural and ideological framework of English. And as a kind of picture language, it brings a lot of life to language and makes language much more vivid, beautiful and amazing. Didson once pointed out: “Metaphor is the dream work of language; and the act of interpretation is itself a work of the imagination”（Didson, 1991: 495）. But what enables speakers to create metaphorical utterances? And what are the steps hearers must go through in order to decode and comprehend the metaphorical meaning of such utterances?
Ⅱ、Literature Review
1．Grice’s Maxims
When people utter one speech, people normally assume that the Cooperative Principle is being adhere to. Furthermore, people are expected to observe Conversational Maxims, which are the rational means for conducting cooperative exchanges. For instance, one should try to make his contribution true（The Maxim of Quality）; however, ther源于：硕士毕业论文www.618jyw.com
e are many occasions when people fail to observe the maxims. The following examples may cast light on this point: ①Look, you seem to be all thumbs. ②John is a wet blanket. I don’t wanna invite him to spoil the party. ③That issue is a hot potato. If I were you, I would lee it alone. ④Tom is a black sheep in his family. ⑤It is raining cats and dogs. ⑥Penny’s only son is the apple of her eye. ⑦I he given some advice to Mary, but it seems that I am only casting pearls before swine. ⑧Mary’s sister is a bluestocking.
2．Conversational Implicature
Concerning this kind of non-observance of the maxim, most of the linguists argued that the type of non－observance of the maxim involved in those metaphorical cases mentioned above is flouting. Its definition in the dictionary also sheds light on this point—“If someone flouts something such as an order or an accepted way of behing, he/she deliberately does not obey it or follow it”（Sinclair, 2001: 603）.
In fact, the speakers who use metaphors aim at the truth, namely, the metaphorical truth and try to get across something instead of uttering something entirely pointless. And in order to reach the real meanings the speakers intend to put across, the audiences are prompted to explore the concepts introduced by the metaphors and to seek the pragmatic level of interpretation. Suppose when the hearer hears the utterance, like, “Mary’s sister is a bluestocking,” he should assume that the speaker could not he intended to mean that Mary’s sister is a blue closely fitting garment for a woman’s leg and foot; instead he should suppose that the speaker must be trying to put across some other obviously related propositions. 摘自：本科生毕业论文范文www.618jyw.com
【Key words】The Maxim of Quality Related Commonplaces Interaction Theory
1006－9682（2012）12－0020－02
Ⅰ、Introduction
Metaphor is a part of the cultural and ideological framework of English. And as a kind of picture language, it brings a lot of life to language and makes language much more vivid, beautiful and amazing. Didson once pointed out: “Metaphor is the dream work of language; and the act of interpretation is itself a work of the imagination”（Didson, 1991: 495）. But what enables speakers to create metaphorical utterances? And what are the steps hearers must go through in order to decode and comprehend the metaphorical meaning of such utterances?
Ⅱ、Literature Review
1．Grice’s Maxims
When people utter one speech, people normally assume that the Cooperative Principle is being adhere to. Furthermore, people are expected to observe Conversational Maxims, which are the rational means for conducting cooperative exchanges. For instance, one should try to make his contribution true（The Maxim of Quality）; however, ther源于：硕士毕业论文www.618jyw.com
e are many occasions when people fail to observe the maxims. The following examples may cast light on this point: ①Look, you seem to be all thumbs. ②John is a wet blanket. I don’t wanna invite him to spoil the party. ③That issue is a hot potato. If I were you, I would lee it alone. ④Tom is a black sheep in his family. ⑤It is raining cats and dogs. ⑥Penny’s only son is the apple of her eye. ⑦I he given some advice to Mary, but it seems that I am only casting pearls before swine. ⑧Mary’s sister is a bluestocking.
2．Conversational Implicature
Concerning this kind of non-observance of the maxim, most of the linguists argued that the type of non－observance of the maxim involved in those metaphorical cases mentioned above is flouting. Its definition in the dictionary also sheds light on this point—“If someone flouts something such as an order or an accepted way of behing, he/she deliberately does not obey it or follow it”（Sinclair, 2001: 603）.
In fact, the speakers who use metaphors aim at the truth, namely, the metaphorical truth and try to get across something instead of uttering something entirely pointless. And in order to reach the real meanings the speakers intend to put across, the audiences are prompted to explore the concepts introduced by the metaphors and to seek the pragmatic level of interpretation. Suppose when the hearer hears the utterance, like, “Mary’s sister is a bluestocking,” he should assume that the speaker could not he intended to mean that Mary’s sister is a blue closely fitting garment for a woman’s leg and foot; instead he should suppose that the speaker must be trying to put across some other obviously related propositions. 摘自：本科生毕业论文范文www.618jyw.com
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